::Lysine in Stock Feed::
Lysine is an essential amino acid for human, especially
so for children. As the society becomes more affluent,
the intake of animal protein also increases, that
suggests that we are taking in more lysine.
Agriculture: Lysine is very important for animal
farms, especially so for paltry and hog farms. With
the use of lysine as additive in the feed, the growth
rate could be accelerated. Since most stock feed
is
vegetable based, adding animal protein, mostly ground
fish and animal bone, to the feed proves to be a
low cost and effective solution. However recent
surge in livestock farming around the globe over
the recent years has led to a shortage in fish and
animal bone. Thus adding lysine becomes the most
feasible solution and the demand for such commodity
is expected to rise.
Lysine is one of the ten amino acids that cannot
be synthesized naturally and is therefore regarded
as ‘essential amino acid? Also most plant protein
has relatively low content of lysine (see table
below), causing low utilization of protein in humans
and animals. Adding a proper amount of lysine in
our food could facilitate the utilization of protein.
Lysine is now widely used in nutritional supplements,
stock feeds, and transmission fluid etc.
::Using Lysine::
The use of lysine varies from country to country.
In Japan the use of lysine on livestock in descending
order are hog, chicken, boiler chicken, and cattle.
The use of lysine on hog: National Research Council,
the most authoritative organization on livestock
research, has released a report on the recommended
daily intake of lysine for hogs, in relation to
their respective growth stage, and is presented
in tables one and two:
| NRC Hog Feed Standard |
| Live Weight (kg) |
Weight gain/day (kg) |
DE kcal
/kg |
Coarse protein (%) |
Calcium (%) |
Phosphorous (%) |
Lysine
(%) |
Methionine + Cystine |
| 5 - 10 |
0.3 |
3500 |
22 |
0.8 |
0.6 |
0.96 |
0.69 |
| 10 - 20 |
0.5 |
3500 |
18 |
0.65 |
0.5 |
0.79 |
0.5 |
| 20 - 35 |
0.6 |
3300 |
16 |
0.65 |
0.5 |
0.7 |
0.5 |
| 35 - 60 |
0.75 |
3300 |
14 |
0.5 |
0.4 |
0.61 |
0.44 |
| 60 - 100 |
0.9 |
3300 |
13 |
0.5 |
0.4 |
0.57 |
0.41 |
| Composition of
Hog Feed |
| |
Hog
kcal/kg |
Chicken
kcal/kg |
Coarse
Protein (%) |
Calcium
(%) |
Phosphorous
(%)
|
Lysine |
Methionine
(%) |
Cystine
(%) |
| Corn |
3,560 |
3,190 |
9 |
0.03 |
0.28 |
0.24 |
0.17 |
0.22 |
| Rye |
3,560 |
3,140 |
9.5 |
0.07 |
0.27 |
0.23 |
0.12 |
0.13 |
| Barley |
3,060 |
2,750 |
11.1 |
0.09 |
0.41 |
0.37 |
0.13 |
0.14 |
| Oat |
2,980 |
2,690 |
10 |
0.12 |
0.37 |
0.35 |
0.16 |
0.22 |
| Soybean Meal |
3,130 |
2,470 |
46.2 |
0.36 |
0.74 |
2.59 |
0.49 |
0.7 |
| |
|
2,530 |
50.1 |
|
|
2.81 |
0.53 |
0.76 |
| Cotton-Seed Meal |
2,210 |
1,900 |
36.1 |
0.26 |
1.16 |
1.48 |
0.54 |
0.61 |
| Cole Seed |
2,630 |
1,630 |
35.3 |
0.72 |
1.24 |
1.64 |
0.53 |
0.58 |
| Safflower Seed |
2,910 |
1,850 |
35.5 |
0.43 |
0.82 |
1.14 |
0.54 |
0.54 |
| Sunflower Seed |
1,740 |
1,590 |
31.7 |
0.56 |
0.9 |
1.84 |
0.54 |
|
| Fish Powder |
2,920 |
2,650 |
60.8 |
6.78 |
3.59 |
4.2 |
1.8 |
0.55 |
| Animal Bone Powder |
2,800 |
2,660 |
48.6 |
11.31 |
5.61 |
2.49 |
0.52 |
0.5 |
| Grass Powder |
1,500 |
|
15.5 |
1.33 |
0.29 |
0.64 |
0.16 |
0.14 |
| Ca(H2PO4)2 |
|
|
|
24.32 |
18.97 |
|
|
|
| CaCO3 |
|
|
|
36.74 |
0.04 |
|
|
|
| NRC Chicken Feed
Standard |
| |
Chicken |
Chicken |
Broiler Chicken |
Broiler Chicken |
Broiler Chicken |
Egg Laying Chicken |
| |
0-6
week |
6-9
week |
0-6
week |
6-14
week |
14-20 week |
|
| ME kcal/kg |
3,200 |
3,200 |
2,900 |
2,900 |
2,900 |
2,850 |
| Coarse Protein (%) |
23 |
20 |
20 |
16 |
12 |
15 |
| Methionine (%) |
0.46 |
0.4 |
0.4 |
0.32 |
0.24 |
0.28 |
| Cystine (%) |
0.4 |
0.35 |
0.35 |
0.28 |
0.21 |
0.25 |
| Lysine (%) |
1.25 |
1.1 |
1.1 |
0.9 |
0.66 |
0.5 |
| |
|
|
|
8 wks |
18 wks |
|
| Calcium (%) |
|
|
|
1 |
0.8 |
0.75 |
| Phosphorous (%) |
|
|
|
0.7 |
0.4 |
0.6 |
| Broiler Chicken
Feed Ratio |
| |
0 - 6 |
week |
6
- 9 |
week |
| |
A |
B |
A |
B |
| Corn |
40 |
40 |
50 |
50 |
| Rye |
20 |
15 |
15 |
10 |
| Soybean Meal 50 |
25.5 |
26.4 |
- |
- |
| Soybean Meal 40 |
- |
- |
20.5 |
21.5 |
| Cotton-Seed Meal |
- |
5 |
- |
5 |
| Fish Powder |
8 |
5 |
8 |
5 |
| Lard |
5 |
6.5 |
5 |
6.5 |
| Ca(H2PO4)2 |
- |
0.2 |
- |
0.2 |
| CaCO3 |
0.9 |
1.16 |
0.9 |
1.06 |
| NaCl |
0.1 |
0.16 |
0.1 |
0.16 |
| Lysine |
- |
0.05 |
- |
0.05 |
| Methionine |
0.1 |
0.13 |
0.1 |
0.13 |
| Others |
0.4 |
0.4 |
0.4 |
0.4 |
| Accumulated Total |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
::Global food production and
Lysine::
Apart from Japan that uses lysine as food additive,
most countries only apply it towards stock feed.
As Northern and Eastern Europeans become more affluent,
the consumption of meat will inevitably increase.
Such upward trend applies to Mid-Eastern countries
as well. However the rise in global meat consumption
is starting to cause strains on the production of
stock feed and the supply of raw materials, especially
vegetable based protein. In spite of the inadequacy,
part of the issue could be resolved with the use
of lysine and methionine.
In general, meat based protein contains more lysine
than methionine than vegetable based protein, however
livestock rely mostly on plants for their daily
requirement of protein. Thus as the demand for meat
increases, so will the demand for lysine. From this
perspective, the outlook for lysine seems very promising.
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